How is glucose oxidized

Free Radic Biol Med. Increased de novo ceramide synthesis and accumulation in failing myocardium. JCI Insight. Glucose and fatty acid metabolism in the isolated working mouse heart. Am J Physiol. Disruption of coordinated cardiac hypertrophy and angiogenesis contributes to the transition to heart failure. J Clin Invest. Phenotypic spectrum caused by transgenic overexpression of activated Akt in the heart. Akt induces enhanced myocardial contractility and cell size in vivo in transgenic mice.

Akt3 overexpression in the heart results in progression from adaptive to maladaptive hypertrophy. Download references. Qutuba G. Karwi, Cory S. Wagg, Tariq R. Altamimi, Golam M. Uddin, Kim L. Ho, Ahmed M. Darwesh, John M. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. QK and GL designed the studies. QK wrote the original draft of manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Gary D. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Cardiodynamics of hearts perfused in the absence or presence of insulin. Table S2. The impact of the pharmacological inhibitors on cardiodynamics in hearts perfused the absence or presence of insulin.

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Reprints and Permissions. Karwi, Q. Insulin directly stimulates mitochondrial glucose oxidation in the heart. Cardiovasc Diabetol 19, Download citation. Received : 24 August Accepted : 15 November Published : 07 December Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search.

Download PDF. Original investigation Open Access Published: 07 December Insulin directly stimulates mitochondrial glucose oxidation in the heart Qutuba G. Wagg 1 , 2 , Tariq R. Altamimi 1 , 2 , Golam M. Darwesh 1 , 3 , John M. Lopaschuk 1 , 2 Cardiovascular Diabetology volume 19 , Article number: Cite this article Accesses 5 Citations 10 Altmetric Metrics details.

Abstract Background Glucose oxidation is a major contributor to myocardial energy production and its contribution is orchestrated by insulin. Conclusion We identify, for the first time, insulin-stimulated mitochondrial Akt as a prerequisite transmitter of the insulin signal that directly stimulates cardiac glucose oxidation.

Background The mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate derived from glucose glucose oxidation is a major source of acetyl CoA for the tricarboxylic acid TCA cycle and reducing equivalents for adenosine triphosphate ATP production in the heart.

Measurement of myocardial energy metabolism This study used isolated working mouse hearts. Full size image. Discussion This study revealed, for the first time, a number of novel and important findings. Conclusions In conclusion, this study is the first to show that phosphorylation of mitochondrial Akt is a prerequisite for the direct insulin stimulation of cardiac glucose oxidation.

References 1. CAS Google Scholar 3. Acknowledgements None. Karwi Authors Qutuba G. Karwi View author publications. View author publications. Consent for publication All authors have declared their consent for this publication. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The carbon atoms in glucose are oxidized. That is, they lose electron and go to a higher oxidation state. The oxygen atoms in molecular oxygen are reduced. That is, they add electrons and go to a lower oxidation state.

If we want to represent only the oxidation process in an equation, we show only the reactant that becomes oxidized. Each of the carbon atoms, on average, is oxidized by 4 electron for a total of 24 electrons. To balance the oxidation half reaction, we need to add 6 water molecules to add enough oxygen atoms to make all of the carbon dioxide molecules.

The stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid or Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, the oxidation state of carbon is glucose, C6H12O6, is zero and the oxidation state of carbon in ethanol, C2H6O, is —4.

Sorbitol, Xylitol and other Sugar Alcohols The aldehyde reduction product of glucose is the molecule sorbitol. The reduction of the five carbon sugar xylose produces another sugar alcohol, xylitol. Since the addition of oxidation states of all carbon atoms is 0, the overall oxidation state of carbon atoms in glucose molecule is zero.

During aerobic respiration, the oxygen taken in by a cell combines with glucose to produce energy in the form of Adenosine triphosphate ATP , and the cell expels carbon dioxide and water. This is an oxidation reaction in which glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.

Glucose is not completely broken down, so much less ATP is released than during aerobic respiration. The lactic acid that builds up needs to be oxidised to carbon dioxide and water. Glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.

What are the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration? The catabolic pathways of glycolysis and respiration capture the chemical energy in glucose and other fuels and store it in ATP.

Glycolysis, occurring in the cytosol, produces ATP, pyruvate, and NADH; the later two, may then enter the mitochondria for respiration. Glycolysis is a linear metabolic pathway of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that convert glucose into two molecules of pyruvate in the presence of oxygen or into two molecules of lactate in the absence of oxygen.

Catabolic pathway during which a 6 carbon glucose molecule is split into two 3 carbon sugars which are then oxidized and rearranged by a step-wise metabolic process that produces two molecules of pyruvic acid. No CO2 is released in the oxidation of glucose to pyruvate. It generates a proton gradient on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. This stores chemical potential energy that can be used to phosphorylate ADP. Chemiosmosis: the joining of the processes of exergonic electron flow down an electron transport chain to endergonic ATP production by creating a proton gradient across a membrane.

The proton gradient drives ATP synthesis as protons diffuse back across the membrane. ATP produced by substrate level phosphorylation. Reduced co-enzyme. ATP produced by oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidation of pyruvic acid. Total: Glycolysis occurs exactly as it does in aerobic respiration, but in anaerobic respiration, pyruvate is reduced and NAD is regenerated.

This prevents the cell from exhausting its supply of NAD that is necessary for aerobic respiration. The pyruvate then undergoes fermentation. There are 2 types of fermentation. Alcoholic fermentation: occurs in plants, yeast and bacteria. Pyruvate is converted to ethanol. Pyruvate loses CO 2 and is converted to the 2-carbon compound acetaldehyde.

NADH is oxidized and acetaldehyde id reduced to ethanol. Lactic acid fermentation: occurs in animal cells. Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid. Used to make cheese and yogurt and in human muscle cells when oxygen is scarce. NADH is oxidized and pyruvate is converted to lactic acid. Aerobic respiration. Uses glycolysis to oxidize glucose to form pyruvate and produce 2 ATP. NADH reduces pyruvate. Electrons released are not used to make ATP.